{"id":51227,"date":"2022-05-25T07:31:11","date_gmt":"2022-05-24T22:01:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aumanufacturing.com.au\/?p=51227"},"modified":"2022-05-25T07:31:11","modified_gmt":"2022-05-24T22:01:11","slug":"when-self-driving-cars-crash-whos-responsible-courts-and-insurers-need-to-know-whats-inside-the-black-box","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aumanufacturing.com.au\/when-self-driving-cars-crash-whos-responsible-courts-and-insurers-need-to-know-whats-inside-the-black-box","title":{"rendered":"When self-driving cars crash, who\u2019s responsible? Courts and insurers need to know what\u2019s inside the \u2018black\u00a0box\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Aaron J. Snoswell<\/a>, Queensland University of Technology<\/a>; Henry Fraser<\/a>, Queensland University of Technology<\/a>, and Rhyle Simcock<\/a>, Queensland University of Technology<\/a><\/p>\n

The first serious accident involving a self-driving car in Australia occurred in March this year. A pedestrian suffered life-threatening injuries when hit by a Tesla Model 3<\/a> in \u201cautopilot\u201d mode.<\/p>\n

In the US, the highway safety regulator is investigating a series of accidents<\/a> where Teslas on autopilot crashed into first-responder vehicles with flashing lights during traffic stops.<\/p>

\"\"<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n
\"AA Tesla model 3 collides with a stationary emergency responder vehicle in the US. <\/span>NBC \/ YouTube<\/a><\/span><\/pre>\n
The decision-making processes of \u201cself-driving\u201d cars are often opaque and unpredictable<\/a> (even to their manufacturers), so it can be hard to determine who should be held accountable for incidents such as these. However, the growing field of \u201cexplainable AI\u201d may help provide some answers.<\/p>\n
Who is responsible when self-driving cars crash?<\/h2>\n
While self-driving cars are new, they are still machines made and sold by manufacturers. When they cause harm, we should ask whether the manufacturer (or software developer) has met their safety responsibilities.<\/p>\n
Modern negligence law comes from the famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson<\/a>, where a woman discovered a decomposing snail in her bottle of ginger beer. The manufacturer was found negligent, not because he was expected to directly predict or control the behaviour of snails, but because his bottling process was unsafe.<\/p>
\"\"<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n
By this logic, manufacturers and developers of AI-based systems like self-driving cars may not be able to foresee and control everything the \u201cautonomous\u201d system does, but they can take measures to reduce risks. If their risk management, testing, audits and monitoring practices are not good enough, they should be held accountable.<\/p>\n
How much risk management is enough?<\/h2>\n
The difficult question will be \u201cHow much care and how much risk management is enough?\u201d In complex software, it is impossible to test for every bug<\/a> in advance. How will developers and manufacturers know when to stop?<\/p>\n
Fortunately, courts, regulators and technical standards bodies have experience in setting standards of care and responsibility for risky but useful activities.<\/p>\n
Standards could be very exacting, like the European Union\u2019s draft AI regulation<\/a>, which requires risks to be reduced \u201cas far as possible\u201d without regard to cost. Or they may be more like Australian negligence law, which permits less stringent management for less likely or less severe risks, or where risk management would reduce the overall benefit of the risky activity.<\/p>\n
Legal cases will be complicated by AI opacity<\/h2>\n
Once we have a clear standard for risks, we need a way to enforce it. One approach could be to give a regulator powers to impose penalties (as the ACCC does in competition cases, for example).<\/p>\n
Individuals harmed by AI systems must also be able to sue. In cases involving self-driving cars, lawsuits against manufacturers will be particularly important.<\/p>\n
However, for such lawsuits to be effective, courts will need to understand in detail the processes and technical parameters of the AI systems.<\/p>\n
Manufacturers often prefer not to reveal such details for commercial reasons. But courts already have procedures to balance commercial interests with an appropriate amount of disclosure to facilitate litigation.<\/p>\n
A greater challenge may arise when AI systems themselves are opaque \u201cblack boxes<\/a>\u201d. For example, Tesla\u2019s autopilot functionality relies on \u201cdeep neural networks<\/a>\u201d, a popular type of AI system in which even the developers can never be entirely sure how or why it arrives at a given outcome.<\/p>\n
\u2018Explainable AI\u2019 to the rescue?<\/h2>\n
Opening the black box of modern AI systems is the focus of a new<\/a> wave<\/a> of computer science and humanities scholars<\/a>: the so-called \u201cexplainable AI\u201d movement.<\/p>\n
The goal is to help developers and end users understand how AI systems make decisions, either by changing how the systems are built or by generating explanations after the fact.<\/p>\n
In a classic example<\/a>, an AI system mistakenly classifies a picture of a husky as a wolf. An \u201cexplainable AI\u201d method reveals the system focused on snow in the background of the image, rather than the animal in the foreground.<\/p>\n
\"(Right)Explainable AI in action: an AI system incorrectly classifies the husky on the left as a \u2018wolf\u2019, and at right we see this is because the system was focusing on the snow in the background of the image.<\/span> Ribeiro, Singh & Guestrin<\/a><\/span><\/pre>\n
How this might be used in a lawsuit will depend on various factors, including the specific AI technology and the harm caused. A key concern will be how much access the injured party is given to the AI system.<\/p>\n
The Trivago case<\/h2>\n
Our new research<\/a> analysing an important recent Australian court case provides an encouraging glimpse of what this could look like.<\/p>\n
In April 2022, the Federal Court penalised global hotel booking company Trivago $44.7 million for misleading customers about hotel room rates on its website and in TV advertising, after a case brought on by competition watchdog the ACCC<\/a>. A critical question was how Trivago\u2019s complex ranking algorithm chose the top ranked offer for hotel rooms.<\/p>\n
The Federal Court set up rules for evidence discovery with safeguards to protect Trivago\u2019s intellectual property, and both the ACCC and Trivago called expert witnesses to provide evidence explaining how Trivago\u2019s AI system worked.<\/p>\n
Even without full access to Trivago\u2019s system, the ACCC\u2019s expert witness was able to produce compelling evidence that the system\u2019s behaviour was not consistent with Trivago\u2019s claim of giving customers the \u201cbest price\u201d.<\/p>\n
This shows how technical experts and lawyers together can overcome AI opacity in court cases. However, the process requires close collaboration and deep technical expertise, and will likely be expensive.<\/p>\n
Regulators can take steps now to streamline things in the future, such as requiring AI companies to adequately document their systems.<\/p>\n
The road ahead<\/h2>\n
Vehicles with various degrees of automation<\/a> are becoming more common, and fully autonomous taxis and buses are being tested both in Australia<\/a> and overseas<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Keeping our roads as safe as possible will require close collaboration between AI and legal experts, and regulators, manufacturers, insurers, and users will all have roles to play.\"The<\/p>\n
Main picture: Tesla\/Youtube<\/p>\n
Aaron J. Snoswell<\/em><\/a>, Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Computational Law & AI Accountability, Queensland University of Technology<\/a>; Henry Fraser<\/a>, Research Fellow in Law, Accountability and Data Science, Queensland University of Technology<\/a>, and Rhyle Simcock<\/a>, PhD Candidate, Queensland University of Technology<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n
This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n
Subscribe to our free\u00a0@AuManufacturing<\/em>\u00a0newsletter\u00a0<\/b>here<\/b><\/a>.<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
By Aaron J. Snoswell, Queensland University of Technology; Henry Fraser, Queensland University of Technology, and Rhyle Simcock, Queensland University of Technology The first serious accident involving a self-driving car in Australia occurred in March this year. A pedestrian suffered life-threatening injuries when hit by a Tesla Model 3 in \u201cautopilot\u201d mode. In the US, the…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":51228,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhen self-driving cars crash, who\u2019s responsible? 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Snoswell, Queensland University of Technology; Henry Fraser, Queensland University of Technology, and Rhyle Simcock, Queensland University of Technology The first serious accident involving a self-driving car in Australia occurred in March this year. A pedestrian suffered life-threatening injuries when hit by a Tesla Model 3 in \u201cautopilot\u201d mode. 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