Bioplastics uses confused by lack of labelling – CSIRO

Growing environmental concerns have driven a surge in bioplastics, but unclear labelling for disposal is creating challenges, according to a new report from CSIRO.

The State of bioplastics in Australia report found consumer confusion over bioplastics, with many bioplastic items ending up in landfill or contaminating recycling and composting streams.

Plastics derived from fossil fuels account for three per cent of greenhouse gases.

Bioplastics is a term that refers to plastics made from petro-chemical-based or renewable natural materials. Not all bioplastics are environmentally degradable, however there are low carbon, biodegradable and compostable options available.

CSIRO’s Plastic Packaging Research Lead Dr Albert Ardevol said bioplastics offered a promising solution to reduce fossil fuel dependency, mitigate plastic pollution, and optimise material circulation.

Dr Ardevol said: “Bioplastics cover a wide range of polymer types and uses, but there is confusion around terminology and how to process bioplastics after use.

“Australia doesn’t have standardised labelling so it’s hard for consumers to understand the different types of materials and how they integrate into existing waste management systems.

“Bioplastics are often a more sustainable alternative. However, if disposed of incorrectly, bioplastics can contaminate recycling and waste streams.

“A large portion of bioplastics end up in landfill, where they can decompose and release methane emissions. This negatively contributes to waste and climate change, and does not achieve circularity.”

Close to half of the 2.18 million tonnes of bioplastics manufactured globally in 2023 was for packaging, the most prevalent type of plastic pollution.

The uptake of bioplastics is currently limited by high production costs, with most bioplastics in Australia imported from Thailand and Brazil.

“Bioplastics make up only one per cent of plastic used in Australia which provides a significant opportunity to create commercial opportunities, while reducing impacts on the environment,” Dr Ardevol said.

“Polylactic acid (PLA) is predominantly used in Australia for packaging but the majority ends up in landfill, which highlights the need for improved waste management and recycling infrastructure.

“Polyhydroxy acids (PHA) offers good commercial viability for single-use products as it can break down in various environments.

“Bioplastics can also replace conventional plastics in horticulture, agriculture and biomedicine, such as mulch film.”

Picture: Murdoch University/Bioplastics make up only one per cent of plastic used in Australia